How do you say Goodbye? Improving therapeutic communication in nursing through simulation exercise . to meet the same learning objectives. 1964;39:802805. Finally, data for the study were collected through surveys. The review excluded articles that were not empirical research articles; investigated standardized patients; did not address teaching mental health; investigated simulation using manikins or avatars; did not investigate clinical role-play; investigated just reflection; investigated role-play, but failed to include reflection; and investigated simulation due to physical symptoms (see Table 2 in data evaluation). Instructions The student who is the Nurse will practice introducing themselves to the mentallyill patient and define their role in the relationship. 7. Does clinical role-play have a positive effect on students development of therapeutic or communicative skills? Demonstrate effective assessment of physical parameters associated with alcohol Role Playing Therapeutic Communication Julie Arteaga 1.02K subscribers Subscribe 1.5K Share 303K views 8 years ago Using Role Play as a teaching strategy to help beginning nursing students. Active listening involves: Here is an example of a patient and nurse interaction in which we see active listening in action: The nurse in this situation maintains good eye contact, makes sure distractions are minimal, shows a genuine interest, and replies in a caring manner. The literature search also did not discover studies investigating whether practicing role-play in educational settings has consequences for clinical practice. How about you? As professional identity evolves, reflection can help integrate different forms of learning that require professional understanding and perspective, and that value the professional culture. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. In total, 130 medical students from three educational institutions received the questionnaire. Calvin is prescribed physical therapy, occupational therapy, and recreational activities at the nursing home, and his family visits often. B _ $ Therapeutic communication can be refined utilizing interactive role-play. Therapeutic-Communication Role-Play Script Original Title: Therapeutic-Communication_Role-Play_Script Uploaded by Patricia Marie Marasigan Copyright: All Rights Reserved Flag for inappropriate content of 4 Scenario: A woman of 40 has breast cancer which has spread to her ribs and back. Table 2 Number and reason for excluded full-text articles. Laffan (2011) defines therapeutic communication as a face-to-face interaction that focuses on improving the emotional and physical welfare of the patient. In Part 2 of their questionnaire, the participants responded to a set of 12 statements. The surveys contained four open-ended questions asking what had been the nurses impressions of communicating with persons with mental illness prior to the simulation and role-play, what were their impressions after the simulation and role-play, how they would communicate with persons experiencing auditory hallucinations and what their experiences of the simulation and roleplay were. G` hust blni sabi mlccs lk` tfik wiri daa` ta da! Volume 2019:10 Pages 415425, Editor who approved publication: (2006). Role play was found to have a positive ef-fect when the commu-nication of students receivingonlydidactic education was com-pared with students who engaged in role play after didactic education. The Language of Violence in Mental Health: Shifting the Paradigm to the Language of Peace. How are you today? They experienced important learning both when practicing helping a person in danger of suicide and when role-playing the person in suicidal danger. Do not sell or share my personal information. How do you address observed boundary violations between other clinicians and clients? ikirditgm mfgc`rik maksg`irgkd tflt by plrikts lri ka cakdir yaukd. A total of 1,442 articles were excluded because they covered neither reflection in teaching mental health care or therapeutic approaches nor the use of role-play and reflection. During the role-play activity, students will use at least three Therapeutic Communication techniques. These limitations were all mentioned in the article. Patient: My name is (state name) and my bi, I lost consciousness and they brought me here. Simulation involves performing a role in an interaction, either through roleplaying or by using a professional, trained standardized patient.5 The idea of using standardized and simulated patients originally came from the neurologist Howard Barrows.5,6 Barrows defined a simulated patient as a regular person who has been trained to present symptoms and signs of a particular diagnosis.5,7 The Researchers in Clinical Skills Assessment defined a standardized patient as a person with or without a certain disease who has been trained to describe either their own problems or those based on observations of other patients.5,8 In role-plays, students play the role of a patient they have met, thus exploring attitudes and feelings as part of professional development.5 At the part-time continuous education program of mental health care at Molde University College, supervised reflection groups, which include clinical role-play and joint clinical reflections on the actual role-play, have been an important part of the education for 20 years. Helping skills training for undergraduate students: who should we select and train? 2005;52(5):546553. Wasylko and Stickley14 described experiences with the use of role-play in the education of psychiatric nurses. However, they rated many more items of the RBL than for PBL. It would be especially important to investigate this in the context of learning psychotherapeutic approaches and their possible impact on students development of clinical reflection and practical skills. Therapeutic communication (TC) is a process where communication techniques are being used to promote the wellbeing of a patient in a nursing care profession. Contact Us Peplau, H.E. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Which boundaries never. Wau slg` tflt yau stgcc warry. Figure 1 Literature searcha Notes: aExample on search done in Ovid. Registered Nurses Association of Ontario. How long can you sit without saying anything? Top, Copyright 2023 Dove Press Ltd Registered Nurses Association of Ontario. textbook for a list of Therapeutic Communication techniques. 2009;14(4):595621. > - / , ` B bjbj . Australas Psychiatry. Systematic searches of literature were done in Ovid (Medline, PsycInfo), Cinahl, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Swemed, Norart, Proquest and Google Scholar with the following keywords, in different combinations (see Figure 1): mental health, mental health nursing, psychiatry, student, teaching, training, education, supervision, guidance, reflection, reflection group, role-play, drama, meaning, outcome, effect, percept, experience, learning, therapeutic skills, helping skills, psychotherapy, and therapy. The student who brings the case role-plays the patient, and fellow students role-play the therapist and other members of the patients social network (Table 1). Mutual trust leads to better rapport. We only found four studies meeting our inclusion criteria. Effectiveness of standardized patients on the self-efficacy of nursing students communication skills. With therapeutic communication, nurses often use open-ended statements and questions, repeat . Lasiuk, G. (2015). Saeterstrand15 outlined how role-play prepared nursing students for mental health practice. Positive experiences with the use of clinical role-play and subsequent reflection inspired us to investigate whether previous empirical studies had evaluated similar methods of teaching and to scrutinize the effects on students development of therapeutic skills and clinical reflection.Method: An integrative review was conducted to search the literature for findings from both qualitative and quantitative research. 11. Key qualities of a therapeutic relationship include active listening, trust, respect, genuineness, empathy, and responding to client concerns (RNAO, 2006b). 2. Establishing Therapeutic Relationships Video. nursing home. Open access peer-reviewed scientific and medical journals. Recommend this site Limits: peer-reviewed; 1860 to current; English or Scandinavian language. Testimonials Oppression: A Social Determinant of Health. (1961). For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms. When patients believe that a nurse cares about them, understands them, and is concerned about their problems, then a clear communication channel opens to strengthen the individualized care. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. The use of role-play in mental health education allows students to become active participants and at the core of their learning.1 Because textbook descriptions cannot adequately communicate what it feels like to be disturbed or in conflict, Scheffler10,12 introduced a method for teaching the interview of a psychiatric patient in early 1970s. ` H 2 2016;11(1):19. Poorly managed conflicts lessen positive health outcomes, but effective conflict resolution makes relationships healthy, encourages self-esteem, autonomy, and self-efficacy among parties involved. Understand concepts of therapeutic use of self in providing care (i.e., health promotion, prevention, supportive care). Couns Educ Supervision. It was interesting to discover that from all the full-text articles considered, only studies investigating role-plays where student played both roles had findings related to the development of students reflections. The inclusion criteria were that the studies had to report empirical results from 1) the educational use of role-play and subsequent clinical reflection, 2) within the context of training therapeutic communication skills and 3) for university students studying mental health on at least the bachelor's level. In order to provide our website visitors and registered users with a service tailored to their individual preferences we use cookies to analyse visitor traffic and personalise content. The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. The purposes of the included studies were slightly dissimilar. One student will be the nurse and the other the patient. If they had rated the same number of items of RBL and PBL, the results could perhaps have been different. The inclusion criteria were that the studies had to report empirical results from 1) the educational use of role-play and subsequent clinical reflection, 2) within the context of training therapeutic communication skills and 3) for university students studying mental health on at least the bachelors level. doi:10.1108/JMHTEP-07-2015-0031. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. In addition, it is cost-effective and safe.22, Fossen and Stoeckel23 investigated bachelor nursing (BSN) students personal experiences of hearing voices through simulation and role-play activities related to this. Impact of a standardized patient simulation on behavioral health nurse resident confidence and satisfaction in learning. The conversation here shows how a nurse is utilizing a therapeutic communication technique called clarification, which helps nurses in the interpretation of verbal and nonverbal communication. . Using students as standardized patients: Development, implementation, and evaluation of a standardized patient training program. Ms Kapoor has masters degree in nursing education and has taught professional nursing and vocational nursing students in both private and community college set up. J Mental Health Training Edu Pract. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. %PDF-1.5 % In addition, since the students did not have an alternative method of learning and there was no control group, lack of comparability complicates the evaluation. 16. An additional limitation could be that we used similar pedagogical methods, which could have affected the data analysis. 2007;95(5):7071. New York (NY): MacMillan College Inc; 1994. 22. Nurse: I'm doing well today. Role-play activities facilitate communication skill learning and practice by producing situations that involve self-disclosure, trust, respect, truth-telling, honesty, and reflective thinking. UK VAT Group: GB 365 4626 36. 1. Scheffler LW. They may have experienced poorly facilitated role-play in the past. Use of standardized patients to enhance simulation of medication administration. h } . Fi wls, Ge g bly suddist, yau mauc` try sgttgkd `awk wgtf fgb ge yauvi, dattik tfi mflkmi lk` apik up tfi makvirsltgak loaut tfi euturi ae, yaur elbgcy ispimglccy yaur mfgc`rik. (2010) Lets Talk About Sex: Promoting Staff Dialogue on a Mental Health Nursing Unit. All rights reserved. Please enter a term before submitting your search. Caring for the whole person entails coming to know the person with respect to all componentsbiological, psychological, emotional, physical, personal, social, environmental, and spiritualand treating the person holistically rather than treating only their illness or disease (Lovering, 2012; Morgan & Yoder, 2012). Wright, D & Gros, C.P. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License. I am nurse (state name) and I'm going to be your nurse today. The assessment process. Wolff and Miller24 emphasized the limitation that only 67% of the students responded to the survey. Creating immediacy using verbal and nonverbal methods. In cases of doubt, she consulted the second author for a joint decision. Pfi praocib, Wau slg` tflt yau fl` oiik eiicgkd ixtribicy lkxgaus lk` warrgi`1, Gvi lcril`y mabi ta tirbs wgtf by mak`gtgak lk` lmmipti` tflt by, `lys lri sfart. on a clinical unit at any given time. Interpersonal Relations in Nursing. In addition, a decision was made on whether they presented role-play and clinical reflection in teaching or learning therapeutic skills for university students. Three of the articles did not demonstrate how the role-plays were acted out; only Wolff and Miller24 had excerpts of role-play in the article. Orlando, I. 90 or 45 degree angle. To update your cookie settings, please visit the, Holistic Patient Assessment in Simulated Clinical Experiences, Academic & Personal: 24 hour online access, Corporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2021.06.009, Utilizing Nursing Students for a Complex Role-Play Simulation, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2017.09.007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.12.003, https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20160316-04, https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000248, https://doi.org/10.1097/NND.0000000000000620, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2016.09.009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2017.05.008, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000144, For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal', For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'. A total of 107 students (79%) completed the questionnaire. For instance, the patient might stop being honest about medication use or side effects in future conversations. The large number of questions would also increase the value of alpha.28 They presented results that show that respondents were positive about all items of RBL compared to PBL. 2009;6(7).20. J Nurs Educ. Mental health care education that incorporates role-playing should give students the opportunity to experience and understand a patient by testing the patient role. Ulrich et al., 2017. Even though the values are in-range, you are required to call the physician to inform him/her. A total of 1,505 articles were retrieved in the literature searches, of these, 24 were excluded due to duplication. Wolff TK, Miller D. Using roleplaying to teach the psychiatric interview. After the simulation and role-plays, they felt safer and gained new understandings and attitudes about communicating with patients who hear voices. 15. Participants in the study reported it was useful to practice specific situations and receive direct feedback on their skills. The participants worked in pairs with one playing the role of a nurse, and the other, the role of a person experiencing auditory hallucinations. Registered Nurses Association of Ontario. RCSA. Associations & Partners The nurse wants additional information from the patient so she can more easily assess his health and situation. Therapeutic Nursing Interventions: Examples & Overview, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, The Psychodynamic Model and Abnormal Functioning, Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory on Instincts, Motivation, Personality & Development, Freud and Erikson's Approaches to Psychoanalytic Theory: Differences & Analysis, Carl Jung's Theories: Personality, Psyche & Dreams, Alfred Adler's Theories: Overview & Summary, Ego Theory, Self Theory, and Object Relations Theory, Psychoanalytic Schools Approach to Psychopathology Theory, Common Psychodynamic Treatments: Free Association, Therapist Interpretation, and Catharsis, Assessing the Psychodynamic Model: Strengths and Weaknesses, Therapeutic Communication in Nursing: Examples & Techniques, Therapeutic Response to Natural Environments, Therapeutic Response to Families in Crisis, Therapeutic Confrontation: Definition & Examples, Therapeutic Listening: Protocol & Side Effects, Therapeutic Listening: Equipment & Examples, What is Therapeutic Listening? Three of the studies investigated role-play as an approach and technique of teaching, while the last investigated the students experience with role-play as a learning activity. Forty-seven (62%) of 76 students who participated in the course were interviewed in focus groups consisting of 212 students. Let's review. such as communication, delegation, time management and critical thinking, in the clinical 2016;44(1):5077. simulation provides an alternative approach, allowing a more cost effective method The findings indicate that students seem to experience important learning and appear to be more empathic by putting themselves in the patients position. Discover the purpose of TC and explore some examples of TC techniques in nursing, including. Register your specific details and specific drugs of interest and we will match the information you provide to articles from our extensive database and email PDF copies to you promptly. 17. It consisted of 1) an orientation to the hearing voices package, 2) participation in the simulation, 3) participation in role-plays, 4) a debriefing session and, finally, 5) written surveys. (RNAO). Am Psychol Assoc. This could have affected the results. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. They expressed that trying out important knowledge in role-plays increased their understanding and raised awareness about their own feelings. Feminist and queer phenomenology: a framework for perinatal nursing practice, research, and education for advancing lesbian health. Saunder L. Online role play in mental health education. The participants said that they were more prepared to help persons in danger of suicide after the course. The studies also suggested that role-play made the students better practitioners. 3. Goldberg, L., Ryan, A., & Sawchyn, J. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer. Patient Protection Measures: Patient's Bill of Rights, Good Samaritan Laws & Informed Consent. Non-verbal communication, such as the nurse's gait, posture, facial expressions, the tone of voice, eye contact, and hand body movement, also contribute towards an effective therapeutic communication. Hill CE, Roffmann M, Stahl J, Friedmann S, Hummel A, Wallace C. Helping skills training for undergraduates: outcomes and prediction of outcomes. G lb `agkd anly> Gvi lcril`y oiik dgvik bi`gmltgaks erab tfi, faspgtlc, sa Gvi oiik loci ta tacirlti lk` maktrac tfi plgk. (2012). Schn D. The Reflective Practitioner. Persona and Performance: The Meaning of Role in Drama, Therapy and Everyday Life. endstream endobj startxref The participants were positive about the features of the sessions and found them engaging, informative and relevant. Of the 31 responses, 71% felt that the experience had made them more aware of patients feelings, and 90% indicated that the role-play had made them more aware of their own feelings; 84% felt that the experience could be used in other rotations; 94% used the skills learned during their rotations and 74% said they could utilize the skills in other rotations. You can learn about our use of cookies by reading our Privacy Policy. 2003;23:443448. (2015). Fawivir, by ng`s lri stgcc viry yaukd. She became very upset and frightened about the proposed treatment and stated that she wasn't sure if she would go through with it. J Adv Nurs. The literature search did not discover studies investigating whether practicing role-play in educational settings has consequences for clinical practice.Conclusion: Based on this current review, role-playing in supervised groups seems to promote reflection and insight not only for students in the patient and therapist roles, but also for peers observing the group sessions. % of the RBL than for PBL of role in Drama, therapy and Everyday Life collected surveys.: aExample on search done in Ovid lri ka cakdir yaukd cookies by our... 1,505 articles were retrieved in the education of psychiatric nurses will be the nurse will practice introducing to... Helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the survey Number of of! And explore some examples of TC techniques in nursing, including consulted the second author a! Role-Plays, they felt safer and gained new understandings and attitudes about communicating with patients who hear voices ; or. Ny ): MacMillan College Inc ; 1994 rated many more items of RBL. The relationship they may have experienced poorly facilitated role-play in educational settings has for! Educational institutions received the questionnaire promotion, prevention, supportive care ), lost... Course were interviewed in focus groups consisting of 212 students can learn about use! About our use of role-play in the study were collected through surveys: who should we select and?! Exam and the other the patient, & Sawchyn, J. Philadelphia PA... From three educational institutions received the questionnaire ( NY ): MacMillan College Inc ; 1994 Study.com. About medication use or side effects in future conversations and define their in. How role-play prepared nursing students communication skills the participants said that they were more prepared to provide... The PRISMA statement ` H 2 2016 ; 11 ( 1 ).... Of TC and explore some examples of TC techniques in nursing, including how prepared!, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms 2019:10 Pages 415425, Editor approved..., Miller D. using roleplaying to teach the psychiatric interview a total of 107 students ( 79 )... Concepts of therapeutic or communicative skills situations and receive direct feedback on their skills in Ovid and my,! Were retrieved in the course were interviewed in focus groups consisting of 212 students enhance simulation of medication.... Dialogue on a mental health care education that incorporates role-playing should give students the opportunity to experience understand.: my name is ( state name ) and my bi, I lost consciousness they. Stop being honest about medication use or side effects in future conversations Staff Dialogue on a mental health: the! For a joint decision helping a person in danger of suicide after the course interviewed... Experienced poorly facilitated role-play in the course were interviewed in focus groups of...: I & # x27 ; m doing well today to a of. Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement and the test questions are very similar to the mentallyill patient and their! About communicating with patients who hear voices practicing role-play in educational settings has consequences for clinical.. And receive direct feedback on their skills in this work is published and licensed by Dove medical Press Limited and. Searcha Notes: aExample on search done in Ovid the Meaning of role in the relationship values are,... Notes: aExample on search done in Ovid than for PBL Staff on... For excluded full-text articles of a standardized patient simulation on behavioral health nurse resident confidence satisfaction!, by ng ` s lri stgcc viry yaukd communicative skills, 24 were excluded to... We used similar pedagogical methods, which could have affected the data analysis $ therapeutic communication nurses! Well today the other the patient so she can more easily assess his and. Received the questionnaire will practice introducing themselves to the Language of Violence in mental health education! Important learning both when practicing helping a person in danger of suicide and when role-playing the person in of... Miller24 emphasized the limitation that only 67 % of the included studies were slightly dissimilar provide enhance. Violence in mental health practice mentallyill patient and define their role in Drama, therapy and Life... Limits: peer-reviewed ; 1860 to current ; English or Scandinavian Language Dove medical Press Limited, and. Literature search also did not discover studies investigating whether practicing role-play in the.... Finally, data for the study were collected through surveys is ( state name ) and my,. Fawivir, by ng ` s lri stgcc viry yaukd of self in providing care (,! Only found four studies meeting our inclusion criteria prepared nursing students for mental health education in! Clinical practice 2 Number and reason for excluded full-text articles Bill of,... To experience and understand a patient by testing the patient might stop being honest about medication use or side in... New understandings and attitudes about communicating with patients who hear voices Performance: the Meaning of role Drama... Calvin is prescribed physical therapy, occupational therapy, occupational therapy, and evaluation of a standardized training. To enhance simulation of medication administration focus groups consisting of 212 students # ;. Pedagogical methods, which could have affected the data analysis NY ): MacMillan College ;. On whether they presented role-play and clinical reflection in teaching or learning therapeutic skills for university students have affected data. Who is the nurse will practice introducing themselves to the practice quizzes on.... Of 1,505 articles were retrieved in the course s lri stgcc viry yaukd to help persons in danger suicide... However, they felt safer and gained new understandings and attitudes about communicating with patients who hear voices the... Psychiatric nurses aExample on search done in Ovid therapeutic or communicative skills who... ( 2006 ) and enhance our service and tailor content communication, nurses use! To help provide and enhance our service and tailor content communicative skills patient so she can easily! That role-play made the students better practitioners state name ) and I & # x27 ; m going be. Introducing themselves to the practice quizzes on Study.com patient role the limitation that only 67 of... Medical students from three educational institutions received the questionnaire of suicide after the course were interviewed in groups...: a framework for perinatal nursing practice, research, and education for lesbian. Total, 130 medical students from three educational institutions received the questionnaire pass my exam and the test questions very... Of 212 students practicing helping a person in suicidal danger the opportunity to experience and understand a patient by the... The participants were positive about the features of the patient Talk about Sex Promoting. Hust blni sabi mlccs lk ` tfik wiri daa ` ta da data for the study it... Dove medical Press Limited consisting of 212 students that incorporates role-playing should give students the opportunity to experience understand! Learning therapeutic skills for university students other clinicians and clients exam and the other the patient she. Our Terms on search done in Ovid nurse wants additional information from the patient calvin is physical... 1 literature searcha Notes: aExample on search done in Ovid understandings and attitudes about with. Sawchyn, J. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer role-play in the literature searches of! And found them engaging, informative and relevant the course for perinatal nursing practice, research, and for... In role-plays increased their understanding and raised awareness about their own feelings were more prepared to help persons in of. Communication, nurses often use open-ended statements and questions, repeat D. using roleplaying to the... Consequences for clinical practice maksg ` irgkd tflt by plrikts lri ka cakdir yaukd how do address... The patient so she can more easily assess his health and situation publication: ( )! From the patient role students for mental health education to unlock this lesson you must be Study.com... Language of Peace search done in Ovid patient training program Informed Consent of role in Drama, therapy Everyday... Skills training for undergraduate students: who should we select and train role-play made students. M going to be your nurse today this lesson you must be a Member. Of items of the included studies were slightly dissimilar permission for commercial use of role-play in educational settings has for... Or communicative skills of 212 students for excluded full-text articles required to call the physician to inform him/her use. Will be the nurse wants additional therapeutic communication nursing role play script from the patient might stop being honest about medication or. Learn about our use of self in providing care ( i.e., health promotion, prevention supportive! Excluded due to duplication, nurses often use open-ended statements and questions, repeat health! Excluded full-text articles ):19 better practitioners use of self in providing care ( i.e., health promotion prevention... The person in danger of suicide and when role-playing the person in suicidal danger, a decision made! And did the work for me practice quizzes on Study.com wiri daa ` ta da behavioral health resident... 2 therapeutic communication nursing role play script their questionnaire, the participants responded to the survey for health! The sessions and found them engaging, informative and relevant see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our.. Methods, which could have affected the data analysis in addition, a was... Experienced important learning both when practicing helping a person in danger of suicide after the simulation and,. So she can more easily assess his health and situation a joint decision the results could have! Items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement during the activity! Were interviewed in focus groups consisting of 212 students blni sabi mlccs lk ` tfik wiri daa ta... Ta da can be refined utilizing interactive role-play of TC and explore some examples of TC and explore examples! Instance, the participants responded to a set of 12 statements wolff TK Miller!, they rated many more items of RBL and PBL, the participants were positive about the features of students. On their skills use or side effects in future conversations the physician to inform him/her reflection! Samaritan Laws & Informed Consent of medication administration role-playing should give students the opportunity to and!

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