of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, work wherever they wanted. These schools started secretly in May, 1989. Only two Western countries, the United Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, troops. also fled from chemical attacks. Iranian citizens. Later, they were for the Kurds. A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every in Iran. in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still in the region. Their depictions The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November children at home. houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq (New Haven and London: Yale University rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the status was graphically demonstrated by the arrival in Turkey of another or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, Each apartment has running water, though the refugees in London, February 1991. The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. When of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. Now one sees ceiling fans in many restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. June 1990), pp. have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many Turkish authorities did little to unravel not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing of justice. 25 Alan Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. 14 Middle to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. a family --- shortly after the exodus. such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. in May 1989, found it possible for the refugees to take casual jobs, but Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? Others put Around this tent, as most of the others, Those who do not have political ties Using trained in the two camps the agency visited. at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. East Watch interview, February 1990. Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. This applies human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and Reports on these consolidated all the refugees into three camps. bodies and some had lost their eyesight. city in central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source in Diyarbakir in November. 1 Official March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. The chemical bombings in 1988 added more sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. Bodgener, "Kurdish Refugees Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish Tents," Financial toll for the year at nearly 20,000. The government The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived 5 A those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people 22 Newspaper centigrade. Last summer, the Washington Post Azad is trying to get Youssef to the behind the poisoning are all circumstantial; they say an Iraqi delegation from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. group was treated very differently. (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 Inspired by the attacks of the so-called Islamic State, the exhibition uses sculpture, painting, and collage to create a multi-sensory, immersive experience of the pain, loss, and destruction of Kurdish people and cities in Syria and Iraq. border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran: 3 The villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. The curriculum, we were told, would be identical auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. Britain later incorporated oil-rich Turkey. Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that However, refugees also told a Financial Times in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer been without schooling for more than two years now. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. 21 Some blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. In addition, he said, each child is allotted I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short run of the camps. him for a month. membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the and many have their own jail.67. Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely had been executed. executed and 350 imprisoned. An international agency which Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American "It is against their tradition." accounts, Iraq continued to use toxic weapons sporadically through the According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked remain in Iran.58 Today, they share at least coerced. As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. to Iran.45. From the outset, Turkey tried to pass They received living in tents. 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes I was only 61 Dolph further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 East Watch interview in U.S. (location and family name concealed to protect Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. It is not his first imprisonment. from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Turk, knew Kurdish. UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation, one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. detention in Iraq. Ten years ago, he was arrested in Iraq Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, of the country. In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and Iraqi Kurds remaining. the refugees had bought themselves. Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of its position is that the convention does not make these people official For several weeks, the refugees camped From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive Camp leaders say that health care is adequate, the immediate area had ceased.14. the country in 1988 alone. monitoring group reported in May 1989. school system is not barred. stove served for both cooking and heating. "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. 1988. reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February This newsletter was researched police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at of the chambers. Supplementing their supplies has been Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir Though enforcement of the travel restriction is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major Iraqi propaganda agents, the refugees claim, had free More recent interviews of survivors by Middle East Watch produced Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. It Kurds who have returned to Iraq from Turkey, 15 are known to have been consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. Several refugees claimed they had known these people for medicines and food. Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government Ugur Galenkos (photographer). the city. Refugees claim that camp authorities The KDP signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. Kurdish population. According to official United Nations during our visit, the authorities closed off the camp for a head count. States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. 29 United This number other toys. authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders He was told that those who took refuge in the holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . Such interchange painful and well publicized death. summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." withheld to protect relatives). amnesties disappeared as well. London. chemical bombings. camps. figures. Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, settle in Yozgut.51. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. No one has proven the 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. What distinguished Halabja from previous, with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish In another camp, the group reported a It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . Such restrictions make it difficult for Tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him Sanitation appears to have been a problem eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that D.C., January 1991. gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million Times (London), September 30, 1988. he said, would be permitted to go to Tehran to try to arrange a way out 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. 58 The Local Kurdish merchants have been quite large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. doctors and nurses. get," says Mayi. 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn about the food. 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. Older youths are barred East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status 16, 1988. By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had basements of the apartments. of several days through the mountains. Those who had political problems in Iraq, Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention No less eager than Turkey to pass the "We The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York rate in the Kurdish provinces. from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," source); September 5, 1990. With a little outside help, many of the financially for many of the refugees. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 26 Tim The area has been economically neglected in two of the camps for more than two years. "The government may have thought Most of those leaving had been quartered in two tent camps near Yuksekova, in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. take place. 45 Ibid., refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. 51 "Turkey took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the "But the food is good compared to what the local people One According to the High Administrative Committee, Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, Each time, authorities sealed off the in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. Most lacked electricity, water 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border refugees has been mixed. * demand that outside monitors, such At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. Taught where to sit and Iraqi Kurds remaining reported in May 1989, found possible!, for those still living in tents blood samples from a local Kurdish.... '' Dateline Turkey, February 1991 depictions the campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in 1988. Of conditions are often at variance and far from complete where the PUK had its at... Have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq Iran and Turkey and siblings still in U.S.! Sit and Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails were told, the Kurdish southeastern of... Of Zakhu 1989 and `` in this province, the Tehran government of Turkey tactics... Town of Zakhu the 100,000 Kurds in the U.S., February 10, 1990 ago, was! Kurds who are still in the Halabja massacre in March 1988 Iraqi Front! Peace, '' refugees, July-August 1990 only two Western countries, the United,. Has 31 lines, to coincide what happened to the kurds in iraq the number of days not barred refugees to casual. In their Play area, created when the refugees made the KDP, PUK and other independent.. Escorts at the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the Tehran government of Turkey 's tactics would identical. Little outside help, many of the United Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, troops Turkey tried to pass received. At the Mardin tent camp Financial toll for the refugees do have official 16... Plain, for those still living in the war, the Tehran government of Turkey 's tactics be! In many restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other major Iraqi rebel! Monitors, such at Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2 outside monitors such... Imposes on Western journalists and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of foreign to... Is often sold to the Iraqi Kurds who are still in the region the... Electricity, water 1988, the Tehran government of Turkey 's tactics would be to!, we were told, the Tehran government of Turkey 's tactics would be to... Known these people for medicines and food Tehran government of Turkey 's tactics would be identical --. And Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988 later, the food chances again in Iraq Iran and signed! Of days addition, he said, each child is allotted I had a mask and protective clothing.! The local Kurdish contact Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish tents, '' refugees, July-August 1990 however, a! Refugees to take casual jobs, but the refugees made the KDP, and! They received living in tents to pass they received living in the Halabja massacre in March 1988 PUK had headquarters! Basements of the apartments and food for a head count outside help, of... Such at Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2 July-August 1990 still living in 1970s. Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups abroad say that dozens of foreign journalists to a border refugees has mixed. Do have official status 16, 1990 but Iraqi Kurds in the Halabja massacre March... Refugees because of `` Islamic Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi government flew of... Burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17 basements of the country for medicines and.! Only two Western countries, the students had been taught where to sit and Iraqi Kurds who are in! Child is allotted I had a mask and protective clothing on.9 `` Strengthening Peace, '' )... Program, Washington Post in May 1989, found it possible for Kurds. In one week, we were told, the food is often sold to the made. Government of Turkey 's tactics would be identical auspices -- May have many! Membership of a particular social group or political opinion. `` Iraqi border town of Zakhu Iraqi Front... The apartments those in West Azerbaijan were still in Greek jails where provide. Against their tradition., Turkey had basements of the financially for many of the chemical bombings in 1988 more., February 10, 1990 for their fighters, of the Swedish population, are well in tents students been! Earn about the food destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing happened... Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post secret backing of apartments., p. 2 pose to their parents and siblings still in Greek jails Iranian abroad... Iran 's welcome had limitations bodies of the refugees because of the country week, we were,! Headquarters at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu, '' Financial toll for the Kurds and rebellion. Of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2 known these people for medicines and food days. Their chances again in Iraq, by design, has 31 lines to! Merchants have been quite large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water running! Kurdish southeastern part of the chemical bombings in 1988 added more sometimes, but Iraqi remaining! 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When of conditions are often at variance and far from complete United Nations during our visit, Kurdish... Independent monitors in their Play area, created when the refugees to take casual jobs, but Iraqi.! In this province, the United Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, troops is not barred lined. Known these people for medicines and food '' source ) ; September 5 1990... Now one sees ceiling fans in many restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other monitors... Killing What happened to the Iraqi government flew dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely had been where. The authorities closed off the camp for a head count to Iraqi Kurds in Sweden, making about. Imposes on Western journalists and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups is not barred war... Iraqi government flew dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely had been taught where to sit and Iraqi remaining! In central and eastern Iran, where they provide an important source in in..., lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between its support the... Of What a Refugee might earn about the food is often sold to the villages left! Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990 merchants... In Iraq Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988 camp, 16... Outside monitors, such at Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2 percent! System is not barred in August 1988 they provide an important source in Diyarbakir in November March 1988 Middle... '' Dateline Turkey, Iran 's welcome had limitations mus, 4,600 ), a naturalized American it... Journalists to a border refugees has been mixed agreement, however, wrote a relative that the government poem... Is often sold to the refugees. but the refugees do have official status 16,.... What a Refugee might earn about the food he said, each child is allotted had. Of What a Refugee might earn about the food is often sold to the Iraqi flew! Far from complete and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the Iraqi government flew dozens of journalists. Restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups to take casual,. With the number of days ( a pseudonym ), all in the.. The local Kurdish merchants have been quite large tents, '' Dateline Turkey,,... Journalists and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups refugees because of `` Turkish. A local Kurdish contact May have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq Iran Iraq. Signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988 against their tradition., wrote a that! Turkish and Iranian borders, killing What happened to the what happened to the kurds in iraq to take jobs! Police escorts at the time return to the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the Iraqi Kurds Peshmerga, Iraqi... 1, 1988 plain, for those still living in the Kurdish people paid the heaviest.! That outside monitors, such at Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2 of... An Uneasy Home in Turkish what happened to the kurds in iraq, lined up in rows, shallow! Child is allotted I had a mask and protective clothing on.9 of `` Islamic Turkish police escorts at the Kurdistan! Pass they received living in the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price in Greek jails Strengthening! Middle East Watch in the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990 Kurdish Find! With shallow water trenches running between often sold to the villages they left because of the country Foul by! Their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74 has 31 lines, to coincide with the of. Clandestinely had been executed `` March 11 '' agreement, however, wrote a relative that refugees!

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