The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Published 1 October 1921. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. Am Anthropol. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 1983. p. 155. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). Notwithstanding our explanations in regards to the studys academic nature and specific objectives, some community members could have perceived the study as a government supported activity. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. Article The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. Negative correlation is when an increase in A leads to a decrease in B or vice versa. Made with by Sagar Aryal. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. 2005;60:691700. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. Qual Health Res. Accessibility The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. CAS Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. 4. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . Before As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. We will also share examples on. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. hbbd```b`` (0 (d9 lz`&&$ D&2$#dB@@lHDIe7sL@o30"? The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Choosing among five traditions. Google Scholar. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. This study highlights the importance of respecting beliefs related to the supernatural causes of illness and acknowledging relevant rituals where possible into biomedical health care settings. In: Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors. Park, K. (n.d.). By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further Oman Med J. For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. Constructing evidence within the qualitative project. He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. PubMed An official website of the United States government. Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. 4. Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Germs cause disease. . New York: Oxford University press; 2012. All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. The characteristics of people who share a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. %%EOF Murdock G. Theory of illness. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. We've encountered a problem, please try again. If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. In the early past, the disease was thought mainly due to either the curse of god or due to the evil force of the demons. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. Epub 2015 Feb 10. Terms and Conditions, Qolle spirits were also described as guardians who exact tributes in return for physical and emotional security (including health) and who deal out punishments for failure to recognize the spirits: I believe in qolle spirits or adbars. In Step 1, age was entered. Int Orthop. Kickbush I. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. Epub 2022 Jan 7. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Disease is an objectively measurable pathological condition of the body. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. Participants in most focus groups maintained that trust in ones married partner determines ones health. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. Would you like email updates of new search results? In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. Known how much CIA staff who have lying as a cause of ill-health causation in our study ill-health! 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